Professor Dong-ke Zhang, FTSE BEng, MEng, PhD, FIChemE, CEng, CSci, FIEAust, CPEng, FAIE, FIEF & MCombI Professor of Chemical Engineering
Foundation Director, Centre for Fuels and Energy
Life has constantly played up with me: I love outdoor sports, but end up with a heavy office life; I was trained as mechanical engineer, but end up with a chemical engineer title; I love to have a few daughters and sons, but end up with three sons and no daughter; I love ++++++, but end up with ------ ... ... The list goes on and on.
Not entirely so ... ...
Three things have been always right for me and that’s enough: I wanted Jing to be my wife, I have her; our three sons, David, Daniel, and Damien are so lovely, polite, talented, and always pleasant; I love fire from my childhood, I am still burning anything that burns and everything that I can burn, from coal to gas, from biomass to city garbage, and even chicken shit; and I burn things in a variety of ways, from stove to boilers, from jet burners to catalytic combustion, from spontaneous combustion to dust explosion, and even combustion in living bodies; I also burn things to make a variety of products, from heat to light, from electricity to antimicrobials, from ash to ceramics, and even pollutants and greenhouse gases such as NOx, SOx, and CO2 ... ...
The awesome energy released from combustion fuels my professional life, just as Jing, David, Daniel and Damien who are warming my body and soul, all the time.
Life is a process of combustion ... ...
Education/Qualifications:
Batchelor of Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology (Southeast University), Nanjing, P.R. China (1984)
Master of Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology (Southeast University), Nanjing, P.R. China (1987)
PhD (Chemical Engineering), The University of Newcastle, NSW (1993)
Fellow (FTSE), Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering (ATSE)
B.E. (1984) and M.E. (1987), Nanjing Institute of Technology (Southeast University), Nanjing, P.R. China.
Ph.D. (1993), The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Appointed Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering at University of Adelaide (May, 1993), Senior Lecturer (January, 1996), Associate Professor (January, 1998).
Appointed Professor of Chemical Engineering (March 1999) and Head of Department of Chemical Engineering at Curtin University of Technology (March 1999 – October 2001)
Foundation Director, WA Centre for Fuels and Energy, Western Australia (established September 2000)
Manager - Education Program, Principal Researcher, Key Research Adviser, and Project Leader positions with Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for New Technologies for Power Generation from Low-rank Coal (1993 - 1999).
Adjunct Professor, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R.China (since 1995).
Adjunct Professor, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R.China (since 1997).
Research Adviser, CHEMEQ Ltd. (since February 2000)
A key and crucial member in the successful application for the establishment of the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development (CCSD) (2000)
Project Leader for Improvements in Current Power Generation Technologies (CCSD P2.3) and for Utilisation of Solid Wastes and By-products (CCSD P6.2) in the CCSD.
Overseas Expert Assessor for Chinese Academy of Science (2002 – 2006)
Adjunct Chief Scientist, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China (appointed 2002)
Associate Editor, Science Bulletin, China Science Publishing House (appointed 2003)
Adjunct Professor of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology Malaysia, Miri Campus, Sarawak (appointed October 2003)
Non-Executive Director, Hydrogen Technology Limited (appointed July 2004)
Senior Project Adviser, BHPBilliton Iron Ore Limited - Mt Whaleback (Newman, WA) Operations (appointed July 2004)
Elected Fellow (FTSE), Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering (ATSE) (November 2004)
Research Interest :
1. Furnaces
Mathematical modelling of furnaces
Radiant property estimation
Thermal properties of coal ashes
Heat transfer in furnaces
Pulverised-fuel-fired, fluid-bed, and stoker-fired furnaces
2. Coal
Coal characterisation, combustion and gasification kinetics
Ignition, laboratory testing and industrial flames
Fluidised-bed coal combustion and gasification
Process synthesis of coal utilisation
pyrolysis and coal volatile matter combustion
Sulphur transformation and evolution during heating of coal particles
Spontaneous combustion of coal stock-piles and mudstone dumps
Utilisation of solid wastes of coal processing (fly-ash and coal washery rejects)
3. Ignition and Explosions
Thermal Explosion Theory (TET)
Laser-induced explosions of gas mixtures
Ignition mechanisms of gases and dust clouds
laboratory testing of explosion safety
4. Aerodynamics
Jet mixing and entrainment
Effect of particulates on jet properties
Interaction between particles and turbulence in coal flames
5. Flames
Flow, mixing and combustion in flames, measurements and modelling
Ignition of industrial coal, oil and gas flames
Burner design and mathematical modelling
Combustion and emissions in industrial kilns
6. Environmental
NOx formation and destruction in combustion systems
in-situ capture of SOx by additives
in-situ desulphurisation in coal gasification processes
catalytic clean-up of automotive engine emissions (NO and hydrocarbons)
effluent clean-up of power stations
photocatalysis for waste water cleaning
spontaneous combustion control
combustion and incineration of municipal waste, energy production
remediation of refinery disposals
7. Energy
energy options for the future, sustainable energy technologies
energy saving technologies
renewable energy from biomass and waste materials
energy systems engineering
8. Reaction Engineering
mechanisms of catalysed reactions
surface science
heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts
development of non-noble metal catalysts for NOx decomposition
reactor design, ultra-fast reaction, short contact time reactor (SCTR)
photocatalysis
9. Heat Transfer
thermal conductivity measurement
analytical and numerical techniques for heat transfer analyses
heat and mass transfer
heat transfer analysis of process systems
10. Natural Gas
natural gas reforming
partial oxidation of methane for direct synthesis gas and methanol production
integrated coal gasification and natural gas reforming
Awards and Achievements:
Elected Fellow (FTSE), Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering (ATSE), November 2004
Plenary Speaker, Perth Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Future Conference, Perth, September 12 – 15, 2004
Awarded the Young Investigators Award at the 3rd Asian-Pacific Conference on Combustion, Nanjing, Seoul, June 2001 (award presented in Nanjing, November, 2003)
Recognised by Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) under the CAS’ “100 Outstanding Chinese Scholars” program with an overseas expert assessor status (2002)
Invited Plenary Speaker, the 6th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Combustion and Energy Utilisation, Kuala Lumpur May 20-22, 2002. Topic of speech: “Energy Options in Sustainable Development” (2002)
The Shedden Uhde Medal for excellence in chemical engineering practice and service to the profession, awarded by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) in Australia and the Institution of Engineers, Australia (IEAust), July 2000
Chairman, Australia-China Joint Technical Workshop on Thermal Energy Engineering, Wuhan, PR China (1999)
Postgraduate Supervisor of the Year, The University of Adelaide, 1998
Team Leader and Chief Designer, Sydney 2000 Olympic Relay Torch Design Team (1998 – 1999)
Chairman, Adelaide International Workshop on Thermal Energy Engineering and the Environment, McLaren Vale, South Australia, February 1998.
Keynote Speaker, Engineering Foundation Conference on the Impact of Mineral Impurities in Solid Fuel Combustion, topic of speech: Low-rank Coal and Advanced Technologies for Power Generation (1997).
Invited Speaker at S.A. Joint Chemical Engineering Committee meeting, topics of seminar: Coal and Combustion Research at the University of Adelaide (1997).
David Warren Fellowship, The Combustion Institute, Australia and New Zealand Section (1996).
Chairman, Australian Symposium on Combustion and the 4th Australian Flame Days, Adelaide, November 1995.
Legend Award, awarded by the Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Society (CEMSS) for recognition of excellence in undergraduate teaching (1994).
Associations:
Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers in Australia (FIChemE)
Chartered Engineer, The Engineering Council (UK)
Chartered Scientist, The Science Council (UK)
Fellow, Engineers Australia (FIEAust)
Chartered Professional Engineers (CPEng)
Fellow, Australian Institute of Energy (FAIE)
Member, The Combustion Institute.
Hobbies:
Swimming, Tennis, Cycling, Wine, Fishing and Reading, also, a regular blood donor plus every part of my body is available for recycle and reuse by anyone in need (except those who have upset or been jealous of me) on my death.
Fantasy:
An early retirement with a small waterfront house and a fishing boat, plenty of quality wines, frequently visited by off-springs and off-springs’ off-springs, and ...... a fire ......
Publications:
Wall, T.F., Gururajan, V.S., Lucas, J.A., Gupta, R.P., Zhang, D.K., Young, B.C., and Smith, I.W., Ignition, burning rate, and reactivity of petroleum coke, 23rd Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1177-1184, 1990.
Zhang, D.K., Laser-induced ignition of pulverised fuel particles, Combustion and Flame, 90: 134, 1992.
Zhang, D.K., Hills, P.C., Zheng, C., Wall, T.F., and Samson, P.J., Fibre optic ignition of combustible gas mixtures by the radiative heating of small particles, 24th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1761-1767, 1992.
Zhang, D.K., Hills, P.C., Wall, T.F., and Tate, The ignition of coal particles and explosions in surrounding combustible gases during heating by laser irradiation, Fuel, 71: 1206, 1992.
Zhang, D.K., Wall, T.F., Harris, D.J., Smith, I.W., Chen, J.Y., and Stanmore, B.R., Experimental studies on the ignition behaviour and combustion reactivity of pulverised fuel particles, Fuel, 71:1239, 1992.
Zhang, D.K., Wall, T.F., and Tate, A.G., The reactivity of pulverised coal char particles: experiments using ignition, burnout and DTG techniques and partially-burnt chars, Fuel, 71: 1247, 1992.
Zhang, D.K., Li, T., Cotterill, G.F., O'Connor, D.J., and Wall, T.F., STM examination of O2 etching on a graphite surface in air, Fuel, 72: 1454, 1993.
Hills, P.C., Zhang, D.K., Samson, P., and Wall, T.F., Laser ignition of combustible atmospheres by the radiative heating of small particles, Combustion and Flame, 91: 399-412, 1992.
Wall, T. F., Bhattacharya, S. P., Zhang, D. K., Gupta, R. P. and He, X., The properties and thermal effect of ash deposits, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 19: 487-504, 1993.
Zhang, D.K., and Wall, T.F., An analysis of the ignition of coal dust clouds, Combustion and Flame, 92: 475, 1993.
Zhang, D.K., Wall, T.F., and Hills, P.C., The ignition of single pulverised coal particles - minimum laser power required, Fuel, 73: 647, 1994
Zhang, D.K., Bifurcation behaviour of a heterogeneous-homogeneous reaction system with a constant power source, Combustion and Flame, 96: 171, 1994.
Zhang, D.K., and Wall, T.F., Ignition of coal particles: the influence of experimental technique, Fuel 73, 7:1114, 1994.
Yen, H. M., Rudolph, V., and Zhang, D. K., Coal combustion and gasification in a compartmented fluidised bed coal gasifier, 26th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgy, PP. 3261-3267, 1996.
Headon, K., and Zhang, D.K., Performance of zeolite supported catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide and oxidation of methane, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36: 4595 - 4599, 1997.
Zhang, D. K., Jackson, P. J., and Vuthaluru, H. B., Low-rank coal and advanced technologies for power generation, Keynote paper at Engineering Foundation Conference on Impact of Mineral Impurities in Solid Fuel Combustion, Kona, Hawaiian Islands, November 2-7, 1997.
Headon, K.A., and Zhang, D.K., Investigation into the use of copper loaded natural zeolite for the reduction of NO using methane, Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 6:1/2, 9 - 20, 1998.
Yan, H.M., Heidenreich, C., and Zhang, D.K., Mathematical modelling of a bubbling fluidised-bed coal gasifier and the significance of "net-flow", Fuel 77 (9-10): 1067 - 1079, 1998.
Smith, N.L., Megalos, N.P., Nathan, G.J., Zhang, D.K. and J. Smart, Precessing jet burners for stable and low-NOx pulverised fuel flames: preliminary results from small-scale trials, Fuel 77, (9-10):10131016, 1998.
Ye, D.P., Agnew, J.B., and Zhang, D.K., Gasification of A South Australian Low-rank Coal with Carbon Dioxide and Steam: Reactivity and Kinetic Studies, Fuel 77,11:1209-1219, 1998.
Brockway, D.J., and Zhang, D.K., The Cooperative Research Centre for New Technologies for Power Generation from Low-rank Coal, in International Research Centres’ Activities in Coal Combustion (Ed. Smoot), Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 24:5, 427 - 433, 1998.
Heidenreich, C.A., Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., Mathematical modelling of pyrolysis of large coal particles - Estimation of kinetic parameters for methane evolution, Fuel, in press.
Telfer, M.A., and Zhang, D.K., An investigation of sulphur retention and the effect of inorganic matter during pyrolysis of South Australian low-rank coals, Energy and Fuels,12:6, 1135 - 1141, 1998.
Telfer, M.A., Heidenreich, C., and Zhang, D.K., The effect of particle size and heating rate on the transformation of sulphur during pyrolysis of a South Australian low-rank coal, Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 7:3/4. 409 - 426, 1999.
Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., Modelling of a low-temperature pyrolysis process using ASPEN PLUS, Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 7:5/6. 577 - 591, 1999.
Heidenreich, C., Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., Mathematical modelling of the temperature response of low-rank coal particles during pyrolysis, Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 7:5/6. 593 - 610, 1999.
Sujanti, W., Zhang, D.K., and Chen, X.D., Low-temperature oxidation of coal studied using wire-mesh reactors with both steady-state and transient methods, Combustion and Flame, 117: 3, 646 - 651, 1999.
Zhang, D.K., and Telfer, M.A., Sulphur transformation in a South Australian low-rank coal during pyrolysis, 27th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1703 – 1710, 1998.
Smith, N.L., Megalos, N., Nathan, G.J., Zhang, D.K., and Smart, J., The role of fuel-rich clusters in flame stabilisation and NOx emission reduction with precessing jet flames, 27th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 3173 – 3180, 1998.
Vuthaluru, H.B., Linjewile, T.M., Manzoori, A., and Zhang, D.K., Investigation into the control of agglomeration and defluidisation during fluidised-bed combustion of low-rank coals, Fuel, 78: 4, 419-425, 1999.
Sujanti, W., and Zhang, D.K., A laboratory study of spontaneous combustion of coal: the influence of inorganic matter and reactor size, Fuel, 78: 5, 549 - 556, 1999.
Heidenreich, C.A., Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., Mathematical modelling of pyrolysis of large coal particles - Estimation of kinetic parameters for methane evolution, Fuel, 78: 5, 557 - 566, 1999.
Heidenreich, C.A., and Zhang, D.K., Measuring the temperature response of large wet coal particles during heating, Fuel, 78:8, 991 – 994, 1999
Yan, H.M., Heidenreich, C., and Zhang, D.K., Modelling of bubbling fluidised bed coal gasifiers, Fuel, 78:9, 1027 – 1047, 1999.
Zhang, D.K., and Sujanti, W., The effect of exchangeable cations on low-temperature oxidation and self-heating of a Victorian brown coal, Fuels, 78:10, 1217 - 1224, 1999.
Zhang, D.K., Jackson, P.J., and Vuthaluru, H.B., Low-rank coal and advanced technologies for power generation, 1997 Engineering Foundation Conference on Impact of Mineral Impurities in Solid Fuel Combustion (Ed. R.P Gupta, T.F. Wall, and L. Baxter), Page 45, Kluwer Academic Press, New York, 1999.
Vuthaluru, H.B., and Zhang, D.K., Role of inorganics during fluidised-bed combustion of low-rank coals, 1997 Engineering Foundation Conference on Impact of Mineral Impurities in Solid Fuel Combustion (Ed. R.P Gupta, T.F. Wall, and L. Baxter), Page 309, Kluwer Academic Press, New York, 1999.
Vuthaluru, H.B., and Zhang, D.K., Control methods for remediation of ash-related problems in fluidised-bed combustors, Fuel Processing Technology, 60:2, 145 – 156, 1999.
Zhu, Z.H., Wang, S., Lu, G.Q., and Zhang, D.K., The role of carbon surface chemistry for N2O conversion to N2 over Ni catalyst supported on activated carbon, Catalysis Today, 53:4, 669 – 681, 1999.
Sujanti, W., and Zhang, D.K., Investigation into the role of inherent inorganic matter and additives in low-temperature oxidation of a Victorian brown coal, Combustion Science and Technology, 152: 99-114, 2000.
Ross, D.P., Heidenreich, C.A., and Zhang, D.K., Devolatilisation times of coal particles in a fluidised-ned, Fuel, 79:8, 873-883, 2000.
Vuthaluru, H.B., Linjewile, T.M., and Zhang, D.K., Behaviour of inorganic constituents and ash characterisitics during fluidised-bed combustion of several Australian low-rank coals, Fuel Processing Technology, 67:3, 165 – 176, 2000.
Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., Modelling of Fluidised-Bed Coal Gasifiers: Elimination of the Combustion Product Distribution Coefficient by Considering Homogeneous Combustion, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 39, 229 – 237, 2000.
Zhang, D.K., and Poeze, A., Variation of sodium forms and char reactivity during gasification of a South Australian low-rank coal, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol 28, pp. 2337 - 2344, 2000.
Megalos, N.P., Smith, N.L., and Zhang, D.K., The potential of low NOx from a precessing jet burner of coal, Combustion and Flame, 124:1-2, 50 – 64, 2001.
Ross, D.P., Yan, H.M., and Zhang, D.K., An experimental study of propane combustion in a fluidised-bedg gasifier, Combustion and Flame, 124:1-2, 156 – 164, 2001.
Juthaluru, H.B., and Zhang, D.K., Effect of Ca and Mg bearing minerals on particle agglomeration and defluidisation during fluidised-bed combustion of a South Australian lignite, Fuel Processing Technology, 69:1, 13 – 27, 2001.
Vuthaluru, H.B., and Zhang, D.K., Remediation of ash problems in fluidised-bed combustors, Fuel, 80:4, 583 – 598, 2001.
Zhu, J., Zhang, D.K., and King, K.D., Reforming of CH4 by Partial Oxidation: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses, Fuel, 80:7, 899-905, 2001
Seyedeyn-Azad, F., and Zhang, D.K., Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide over Cu and Co ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite: The effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and cation loading, Catalysis Today, 68: 161 – 171, 2001.
Telfer, M., and Zhang, D.K., The influence of water-soluble and acid-soluble inorganic matter on sulphur transformations during pyrolysis of low-rank coals, Fuel, 80:14, 2085-2098, 2001.
L Shen, and D K Zhang "A CPD Modelling Study of Sewage Sludge Devolatilisation for Oil Production",
The Third Asia-Pacific Conf. on Combustion, Seoul, Korea, June 2001, pp437-440
J Bromly, D K Zhang, J N Zhu, F Barnes, and K King "Characteristics of Methane Partial Oxidation at Intermediate Temperatures Between 800 and 1100K", The Third Asia-Pacific Conf. On Combustion, Seoul, Korea, June 2001, pp481-484
J Bromly, D K Zhang, J N Zhu, F Barnes, and K King "An Experimental Study of Partial Oxidation Reforming of Methane at 1000-1600K",
6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, Sept 2001
L Shen, H B Vuthaluru, H M Yan, and D K Zhang "Pyrolysis of Putrescible Garbage and Sewage Sludge Mixtures in the OFS Process",
6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, Sept 2001
V A Stamatov, D K Zhang, Z T Alwahabi, J P Denier, and K D King "Methane Ignition Caused by a Radiatively Heated Inert Particle",
6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, Sept 2001
J Bromly, D K Zhang, J N Zhu, and F Barnes "The Effect of Nitrogen Oxides in Promoting the Partial Oxidation of Methane",
International Gas Research Conf, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Nov 2001.
H B Vuthaluru, and D K Zhang "Ash Problems in Fluidised-bed Combustors - Prevention and Control", 18th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Newcastle, Australia, Dec 2001
J Opie, H B Vuthaluru, and D K Zhang "An Investigation into the Thermal Events During Pyrolysis of Coal/Biomass Blends", 18th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Newcastle, Australia, Dec 2001.
H M Yan, and D K Zhang "Mathematical Modelling of Fluidised-bed Gasifiers", 18th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Newcastle, Australia, Dec 2001.
H M Yan, and D K Zhang "Mathematical Modelling of Bubbling Fluidised-Bed Coal Gasifiers", International Workshop on Energy & Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Sanya, PR China, Dec 2001·
Zhang, D.K., and Nathan, G.J., Thermal Energy Engineering and the Environment,
Proceedings, Adelaide International Workshop on Thermal Energy Engineering and the Environment, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 1998
Zhang, D.K., Thermal Energy Engineering and the Environment, Proceedings, Joint Technical Workshop on Thermal Energy Engineering and the Environment, Wuhan, P.R. China, 1999.
Zhang, D.K., Proceeding Volumes of CHEMECA'2000: Opportunities and Challenges for the Resource and Processing Industries, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Perth, July 2000.
Zhang, D.K., Fuel Technology and Combustion Processes, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, April 2002.
D K Zhang, N P Megalos, and N L Smith “Investigation of the Effect of the Precessing Jet Nozzle in the Combustion of Pulverised Coal”,
Combustion Science and Technology, Vol 165, 2001, pp 111-128.
D K Zhang, and M Telfer “The Influence of Water-Soluble and Acid-Soluble Inorganic Matter on Sulphur Transformations During Pyrolysis of Low-Rank Coals” , Fuel, 2001, Vol 80, pp2085-2098
D K Zhang, and W S Wantanabe “The Effect of Inherent and Added Inorganic Matter on Low-Temperature Oxidation Reaction of Coal”,
Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, Vol 74, pp145-160
H M Yan, D K Zhang, and D P Ross “An Experimental Study of Propane Combustion in a Fluidised-bed Gasifier”, Combustion and Flame, Vol 124, No 1/2 , 2001, pp156-164
D K Zhang, N P Megalos, and N L Smith “The Potential for Low NOx from a Processing Jet Burner of Coal” , Combustion and Flame, Vol 124, No 1/2, 2001, pp50-64
D K Zhang, and F Seyedeyn-Azad “Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide Over Cu and Co Ion-exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolite: The Effect of Si02/A1203 Ratio and Cation Loading”, Catalysis Today, Vol 68, No 1-3, 2001, pp161-171
H B Vuthaluru, and D K Zhang “Effect of Coal Blending on Particle Agglomeration and Defluidisation During Spouted-Bed Combustion of Low-Rank Coals”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol 70, No 41-51, 2001, pp41-51
H B Vuthaluru, and D K Zhang “Effect of Ca and Mg-bearing minerals on Particle Agglomeration Defluidisation During Fluidised-Bed Combustion of a South Australian Lignite”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol 69, 2001, pp12-27
H B Vuthaluru, and D K Zhang “Remediation of Ash Problems in Fluidised-Bed Combustors”, Fuel, Vol 80, No 4, 2001, pp583-598
